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Brief Overview
Following a range of notable data breaches at organizations such as Equifax and Cambridge Analytica, international blocs, countries and even individual U.S. states are stepping up to the plate with data privacy protection laws. As cars are quickly becoming “vehicles” for data collection as well as traveling, companies in the auto industry will need to ensure that they are storing their customers’ geolocational travel information, biometric data, and payment information in ways that achieve compliance with pertinent data security laws. This whitepaper will go over the key U.S. and international regulations governing data security for automobile companies, along with steps and considerations they should account for to ensure compliance.
The General Data Protection Regulation (‘GDPR’), the European Union regulation on data protection and privacy, which came into force in May 2018, is one of the most robust data protection laws in the world to date. It is applicable to all individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It further applies to organizations outside the EU if they offer goods or services to, or monitor the behavior of, persons within the EU.
In the absence of a comprehensive federal privacy law in the U.S., the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (‘CCPA’) that will take effect on January 1, 2020 is considered one of the most significant legislative privacy developments in the country.[1] According to a global law firm DLA Piper, the United States has hundreds of privacy and data security laws among its 50 states and territories for safeguarding data, disposal of data, and appropriate use of Social Security numbers among other things.
An Overview of Data Protection Laws Around the World[2]
As illustrated in the chart above, several countries around the world are in the process of passing significant privacy laws and some others have firm data protection legislation already in place.
Australia regulates data privacy and protection through a combination of federal, state and territory laws. The Federal Privacy Act 1988 (Cth) and its Australian Privacy Principles (APPs) take under its purview private sector entities with an annual turnover of at least AU$3 million ($2.1 million), and all Commonwealth Government and Australian Capital Territory Government agencies.[4] The United States has an extremely strong US privacy law, however, it is a complex mix of national privacy laws and regulations that address particular issues or sectors. There are also state laws that further address privacy and security of personal information, and federal and state prohibitions against unfair or deceptive business practices. Canada has 28 federal, provincial and territorial privacy statutes that govern the protection of personal information in the private, public and health sectors.[5] PRC, Russia, Thailand, and India are some of the other countries on the chart with varied strengths of data privacy laws and geographical reach.
How Does This Impact the Auto Industry?
In the sphere of mobility, data is the nucleus of the continuing evolution of automotive technology. With the market shifting from driver controlled to completely autonomous driverless cars there has been a steep rise in collection, usage, and disclosure of vast amounts of information about the car and its passengers.
Just an hour of driving an autonomous car will churn out 4,000 GB of data per day
According to Intel, an hour of driving could churn out 4,000 GB of data per day most of which would be personal data.[6] Thus, data has been deemed the next oil.
To safeguard this huge expanse of personal information the car manufacturers and service providers are now required by law to conform to the GDPR.
Liability and consequences of non-compliance:
‘Controllers’ and ‘processors’ who process personal data on behalf of controllers and under the direction of controllers are responsible for complying with the obligations under the GDPR as are ‘businesses’ pursuant to the CCPA.
Under the GDPR, data subjects can bring an action against processors and claim damages for “material or immaterial damage” suffered as a result of an infringement of the processor obligations. In case of misuse of personal information, a service provider is liable for civil penalties under the CCPA.[7]
In case of breach of regulation under the GDPR, the manufacturer can be fined up to €10 million ($11.3 million), or 2% of the car manufacturers’ total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher.[8]
In April 2019, the Czech Data Protection Authority (UOOU) imposed a fine of €1,165 ($1,325) on a rental car company. One of the rental cars was being tracked via GPS by the renting company even though there was no information provided on the fact that the car was being tracked to the person who had rented the car. This was in violation of Art. 5 (1) (a) GDPR, which provides that personal data shall be processed lawfully, fairly and in a transparent manner in relation to the data subject (‘lawfulness, fairness and transparency’).[9]
In 2018, the Austrian Data Protection Authority imposed a fine of €300 ($341) on a private car owner for unlawful use of a dashcam. It was a camera recording the use of a car from the driver’s point of view, which is illegal under the General Data Protection Regulation (DSGVO).[10]
It should be noted that according to the GDPR data generated in a vehicle is the property of the driver. This clarification of ownership puts a significant data privacy compliance burden on car manufacturers, rental car companies and fleet operators.
What Should the Car Manufacturers Do?
- Protect against data thefts and privacy leaks: The car manufacturers must design products and services with privacy and security in mind to protect the customers from cyber-attacks, data loss and privacy leaks. Auto industries must ensure that data from a connected vehicle does not fall in the hands of the new owner of the car. Identity thefts and data privacy breaches in second-hand vehicles are not unusual. Even a single hack has the potential to cause grave harm. In February 2018, a cyber-attack on a contractor’s data servers compromised the personal information of over 28,700 Porsche customers in Japan.[11] Robust processes must be established to prevent data from being lost, corrupted or leaked and any breach should be notified to the right authorities within 72 hours of detection. Under the GDPR data processors must notify the controller of any data breach without undue delay. Individuals must also be informed at the earliest if the breach poses a substantial risk to the individuals’ rights and freedoms. To facilitate decision-making on these aspects there should be an investigation and internal reporting procedure in place.
In February 2018, a cyber-attack on a contractor’s data servers compromised the personal information of over 28,700 Porsche customers in Japan.
- Maintain transparency: The vehicle owners should be clearly informed about their data and the ways in which the manufacturer can access it. The companies must maintain transparency with regard to the data collected, the purpose behind taking the data, and allow the owners to restrict such access if needed.
- Take express consent: GDPR requires the data controllers to process personal information lawfully with the subject’s express consent.
- Effectuate written contract with service providers: There should be a detailed contract between controllers and processors of data, laying out the mandate given to processors and other terms of the controller-processor relationship. Similarly, under the CCPA personal information should not be disclosed to service providers without a written contract.
- Extend right to portability and erasure to customers: The law also requires companies to extend the ‘right to portability’ and the ‘right to erasure’ to the customers. This means customers should be able to transfer information between services and delete personally identifiable information when needed.
- Maintain data activity log: Some of the other obligations imposed on processors under the GDPR state that they must keep a record of data processing activities, implement appropriate technical and organisational measures, undertake data protection impact assessments prior to the processing, and appoint a Data Protection Officer.
To avoid any regulation breaches, it would be in the best interest of all businesses with a global footprint to have a defined roadmap for data protection and data privacy compliance.
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[1] Comparing privacy laws: GDPR vs CCPA by Data Guidance: https://www.dataguidance.com/rep-ccpavgdpr/
[2] Data sourced from https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/
[3] https://www.dataguidance.com/notes/thailand-data-protection-overview
[4] https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/?t=law&c=AU
[5] https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/?t=law&c=CA
[6] https://www.networkworld.com/article/3147892/one-autonomous-car-will-use-4000-gb-of-dataday.html
[7] https://www.dataguidance.com/rep-ccpavgdpr/
[8] https://www.automotive-iq.com/autonomous-drive/articles/mobility-and-the-gdpr-an-important-but-uneasy-partnership
[9] http://www.enforcementtracker.com/
[10] https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000092017999/erst-vier-strafen-wegen-dsgvo-seit-mai
